Electricity — Interactive Diagrams

CBSE Class X · Chapter 12 · Explore & Experiment

Electric Circuit — Electron Flow

A cell drives charge around a closed loop. Increase the voltage to see the current (electron flow) speed up. The bulb glows brighter with more current.

Battery Voltage: 6 V

Resistance: 3 Ω

Key Concept: Conventional current flows from + to − outside the cell, opposite to the electron flow. I = V/R.

Ohm's Law — V = IR

For an ohmic conductor, V and I are directly proportional. Drag the sliders and watch the V–I graph. The slope of the line is the resistance R.

Voltage (V): 10 V

Resistance (R): 5 Ω

Reading:

Series vs Parallel Combination

R₁: Ω R₂: Ω R₃: Ω

Result:

Factors Affecting Resistance — R = ρL/A

Change the length and thickness of the wire. Longer & thinner wires have higher resistance.

Length (L): 4 m

Area (A): 5 mm²

Resistance: (using ρ = 1.7×10⁻⁸ Ω·m, copper)

Heating Effect & Power — H = I²Rt, P = VI

More current or resistance produces more heat. Watch the element glow and the power meter respond.

Current (I): 4 A

Resistance (R): 8 Ω

Output:

Ohm's Law & Power Calculator

Enter any two known values and calculate the rest.

Voltage V: Current I: Resistance R:

Energy & Cost Calculator

Power P: W Time t: h/day Days: Rate: ₹ /unit

Quick Reference

Quantity	Formula	Unit
Current	I = Q/t	A
Ohm's Law	V = IR	—
Resistance	R = ρL/A	Ω
Power	P = VI = I²R = V²/R	W
Heat	H = I²Rt	J
Energy	E = Pt (1 kWh = 3.6 MJ)	kWh