💡 Different People, Different Goals
Development means different things to different people. What is development for one may be harmful for another. People seek not just income, but also freedom, equality, security and a good environment.
🎭 Stakeholder Goals — Who Wants What?
👩🌾
Landless Rural Labourer
Wants higher wages, quality education for children, no social discrimination, good healthcare.
WagesEducationEquality
👨💼
Urban Professional
Wants job security, better working conditions, pollution-free environment, good transport.
SecurityEnvironmentTransport
🏭
Industrialist
Wants more dams for electricity, infrastructure, cheap labour and resources.
PowerInfrastructureProfit
🌿
Tribal / Adivasi
Wants to protect forests, traditional land, cultural identity. Against displacement by dams.
Land RightsCultureForest
👧
Girl Student
Wants equal opportunity, safe environment, access to education, freedom from discrimination.
EducationSafetyFreedom
🧑⚕️
Health Worker
Wants better hospitals, sanitation, nutrition, clean drinking water for the community.
HealthSanitationNutrition
⚡ Key Insight: A dam may generate electricity (good for industrialist) but displace tribal communities (bad for them). Development decisions involve trade-offs and must consider all stakeholders.
💰 Comparing Countries by Income
$12,056+
Rich Country Threshold
Per capita income/year (World Bank 2019)
$1,036–
Low-Income Country
Per capita income below this
₹1.5L
India's PCI (approx)
India = low middle-income
Per Capita Income = Total National Income ÷ Total Population
Used by World Bank to classify countries. But it's just an average — hides inequality!
Used by World Bank to classify countries. But it's just an average — hides inequality!
📊 Per Capita Income Comparison
⚠️ Limitation: High average income doesn't mean everyone is well-off. Punjab has high PCI but low HDI compared to Kerala. Income alone ≠ development.
📊 Beyond Income — Key Development Indicators
IMR
Infant Mortality Rate
Deaths per 1000 live births (age < 1 year)
Literacy
Literacy Rate
% of population (age 7+) who can read & write
NAR
Net Attendance Ratio
% of children in school (age 14–15)
LE
Life Expectancy
Average expected lifespan at birth
🗺️ Comparing Indian States
| Indicator | Kerala | Punjab | Bihar |
|---|---|---|---|
| Per Capita Income (₹) | ₹1,50,000 | ₹2,10,000 | ₹40,000 |
| Infant Mortality Rate | 7 | 25 | 38 |
| Literacy Rate (%) | 94% | 82% | 62% |
| Net Attendance (14–15) | 83% | 79% | 43% |
| Life Expectancy | 75 yrs | 72 yrs | 65 yrs |
⚡ Key Insight: Punjab has the highest income but Kerala has better health & education indicators. Bihar is low on both income and social indicators. Money alone doesn't ensure quality of life!
🍽️ Body Mass Index (BMI)
BMI = Weight (kg) ÷ Height² (m²)
Used to measure nutritional status:
• BMI < 18.5 → Undernourished
• BMI 18.5–24.9 → Normal
• BMI 25–29.9 → Overweight
• BMI ≥ 30 → Obese
Used to measure nutritional status:
• BMI < 18.5 → Undernourished
• BMI 18.5–24.9 → Normal
• BMI 25–29.9 → Overweight
• BMI ≥ 30 → Obese
🏆 Human Development Index (HDI)
Published annually by UNDP (United Nations Development Programme). Ranks countries on a scale of 0 to 1. Considers health, education, AND income — a more complete picture than per capita income alone.
Health
Measured by:
Life Expectancy at Birth
Higher = better healthcare, nutrition
Life Expectancy at Birth
Higher = better healthcare, nutrition
Education
Measured by:
Mean Years of Schooling
+ Expected years of schooling
Mean Years of Schooling
+ Expected years of schooling
Standard of Living
Measured by:
GNI per capita (PPP $)
Purchasing Power Parity adjusted
GNI per capita (PPP $)
Purchasing Power Parity adjusted
🌍 Country Comparison (HDI)
| Country | HDI Rank | Life Exp. | Mean Schooling | GNI/capita | Category |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sri Lanka | 72 | 77 yrs | 10.6 yrs | $12,707 | High |
| India | 131 | 69 yrs | 6.5 yrs | $6,681 | Medium |
| Pakistan | 154 | 67 yrs | 5.2 yrs | $5,005 | Low |
💡 Notice: Sri Lanka has much lower per capita income than many countries but high HDI — because it invested heavily in health and education. India's PCI is higher than Pakistan's but the HDI gap is closing.
World Bank vs UNDP:
• World Bank uses Per Capita Income to classify (rich/poor)
• UNDP uses HDI (health + education + income) — more holistic
Both are useful but HDI is a better indicator of development.
• World Bank uses Per Capita Income to classify (rich/poor)
• UNDP uses HDI (health + education + income) — more holistic
Both are useful but HDI is a better indicator of development.
♻️ Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
(Brundtland Commission, 1987)
⛽ Non-Renewable Resources
Coal — ~200 years left
Petroleum — ~50 years left
Natural Gas — ~60 years left
Minerals — finite, take millions of years
⚠️ Once exhausted, gone forever!
🌱 Renewable Resources
Solar energy — unlimited
Wind energy — unlimited
Biomass — replenishable
Hydro power — renewable
✅ Can be replenished naturally
⚠️ Consequences of Overuse
💧
Groundwater Depletion
Excessive pumping for agriculture (esp. Punjab, Haryana). Water table falling rapidly. Future generations will face water crisis.
🏭
Air & Water Pollution
Industrial growth without environmental controls. Rivers polluted, air quality declining in cities. Health costs rising.
🌡️
Climate Change
Burning fossil fuels → CO₂ → global warming. Affects agriculture, causes floods/droughts, threatens biodiversity.
🌳
Deforestation
Clearing forests for development projects. Loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, disrupts water cycle, displaces tribals.
🔑 Exam Key Point: "Economic development that we have achieved at the cost of the environment is not real development. We must balance growth with environmental protection for true sustainable development."