Importance of Manufacturing
- Manufacturing = producing goods in large quantities from raw materials
- Backbone of development; lifts & diversifies the economy
- Modernises agriculture; creates jobs in secondary & tertiary sectors
- Reduces regional disparity & poverty
- Brings foreign exchange through exports
Share of manufacturing in GDP has been stagnant; goal is to raise it to 25%+.
Classification of Industries
| Basis | Types |
|---|
| Raw material | Agro-based · Mineral-based |
| Role | Basic/key · Consumer |
| Capital | Small-scale · Large-scale |
| Ownership | Public · Private · Joint · Cooperative |
| Bulk/weight | Heavy · Light |
Public: SAIL | Private: TISCO | Joint: Oil India | Cooperative: AMUL, sugar mills.
Textile Industry
- Largest industry in the organised sector
- Cotton — Maharashtra & Gujarat; first mill Mumbai (1854)
- Jute — Hugli basin, West Bengal; near Kolkata port
- India is a major silk producer
- Weaving decentralised: handloom, powerloom, mill
National Jute Policy 2005 — to boost jute productivity & farmer prices.
Iron & Steel Industry
- Basic (heavy) industry — "backbone" of modern industry
- Raw materials: iron ore : coking coal : limestone ≈ 4 : 2 : 1
- Bulky & weight-losing → located near raw materials
- Concentrated in the Chota Nagpur plateau
- India = largest producer of sponge iron
Plants: TISCO (Jamshedpur), Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, IISCO (Burnpur).
Other Industries
| Industry | Key Fact |
|---|
| Cement | Limestone+gypsum+coal; for construction |
| Aluminium | Uses bauxite; 2nd most important metal |
| Chemical | Inorganic + organic; ~3% of GDP |
| Fertiliser | Urea; near oil refineries |
| IT | Bengaluru — Silicon Valley of India |
Industrial Location
- Located where costs least, profits highest
- Factors: raw material, labour, power, capital, transport, market
- Industries cluster (agglomerate) to share facilities
- Regions: Mumbai-Pune, Hugli, Bengaluru-TN, Gujarat, Chota Nagpur
- Industrialisation & urbanisation go together
Industrial Pollution
- Air — smoke & gases (SO₂, CO), dust
- Water — organic & inorganic effluents into rivers
- Thermal — hot water harms aquatic life
- Land & Noise — solid waste (fly ash, slag), machinery
Control: reuse/recycle water, treat effluents, fit scrubbers & precipitators. NTPC = eco-friendly model.
Important Exam Points — Quick Recall
- First cotton mill — Mumbai, 1854
- Jute industry — Hugli basin, West Bengal (near Kolkata port)
- Iron & steel — basic industry; raw material ratio ≈ 4:2:1
- TISCO — Jamshedpur (private); SAIL — public sector
- Chota Nagpur plateau — hub of iron & steel plants
- Bengaluru — Silicon Valley / electronic capital of India
- Aluminium — from bauxite; 2nd most important metallurgical industry
- National Jute Policy — 2005
- NTPC — model environment-friendly power producer
- 4 types of pollution — air, water, thermal, land/noise